Numerous structural, political, economic, and tactical factors were involved in the strengths and weaknesses of the Safavid military forces, each of which requiring a separate evaluation opportunity. The present article focuses solely on the role and influence of the tactical factor in the military achievements and failures of the Safavids. Using a historical (descriptive-analytical) method, it tries to discuss the combat tactics used by the Safavid army and the role of these methods in the Safavid military defeats and victories. The findings show that the Safavids mainly chose their war tactics based on time and space requirements, offensive or defensive positions, number of troops and military equipment and other conditions. The most important of these tactics were regular warfare, irregular warfare, castle warfare, urban battle, and destruction of resources. Although the Safavids were generally successful in adopting the best war method, sometimes superior military methods of the enemy and some miscalculations by the Safavids, and consequently adopting inappropriate war method imposed huge costs to the country and the government in various respects.

Iran in Qajar period at the beginning of 19th century was an underdeveloped wretched country, inflicted with many problems such as Russo-Persian Wars. The structure of Iranian military forces was totally old that had been remained of Nader Shah era. Iranian defeat in Russo-Persian wars was the first and foremost factor that directed Abbas Mirza and Mirza Abolghasem Ghaem Magham Farahani to the decadence and wretchedness of Iran and led them to undertake western-style reforms in order to modernize the army. The base of these reforms was the modernization of troops and founding a unified, well-ordered army by the help of European military advisors. The paper aims to, first, answers what led Abbas Mirza to reform in armed forces and, then, study the consequences and results of that reform. Findings show military structure, domestic and international situation and the necessity of founding a modern army in order to fight against the foreign invasions were of Abbas Mirza motivations in pursuing a modernistic approach. Analyzing his failures, it also presents the main hindrances Abbas Mirza faced to.

Many factors exercise influence over, and moderate the structure of a city. These factors can be linked to the political, administrative, social and religious structure of society. This paper points out how political power's decision making, affect the structure of a city. It focuses on Isfahan the capital of Iran during Safavid king, Shah Abbas, government (1571– 1629a. c. ). This is a Historical research with analytical-descriptive method, which tracing structure transformation of the Isfahan through Abbas monarchial regime, from primary and secondary sources. Being a case-study of one city, this paper provides details about the context, actions and development from the study of Isfahan. Finally, article is followed by a typology of different kinds of autocratic interventions of Shah and their modes of operation. This paper concludes Creative interventions, direct interventions on concept and ideology of urban design, intervention through oversight and supervision, Self-glorifying Intervention, and intervention through development of urban public spaces were tools of autocratic controls of king on urban design and development. Being grounded in Isfahan, this typology is not meant to be exhaustive or mutually exclusive. The discussion focuses primarily on examples from Isfahan, but examples from other cultures, contexts and settings will be provided to indicate transfer-ability of the concepts.

The social history of Iran in the Safavid era is one of the fields of study that still needs attention and revision due to the poverty of Iranian historiography. AND aND aNDThe establishment of political stability and the consequent growth of the cultural and artistic atmosphere in the Safavid era led to the growth of all types of art, including the emergence of prominent and influential artists on the flow of Iranian painting. Iranian painting, which was mostly focused on fictional, courtly or mythological effects, with a short history, reflected a part of the social life of the Safavid era in the paintings of the Shah Abbas era. Single portrait or single painting, although it started before the Safavids, in this period it was established in the works of Reza Abbasi (died 1044 AH), one of the most important painters of the Isfahan school.The present research deals with the representation of social elements in Reza Abbasi's one-faced paintings using historical and analytical methods, relying on library and museum sources. The research question is that, in the absence of attention of Persian historiographical sources to the social life of the Safavid era, what themes and social classes have been depicted in Reza Abbasi's monographs. The findings of this research show that Reza Abbasi, a master artist in the Isfahan school and who had a presence in the court and lived among people, was able to depict different social classes, gender, and occupations more than any other artists of his time

Music in the Shāh Abbas' 's epoch like the other areas of art was under the influence of the politics and the political lines of power institution. Examining the available sources revealed Shāh Abbas’s I consideration and interest to different branches of art like music. The musical performers, singers and musicians got an elevated position in the Safavid court due to Shāh Abbas’s attention and favor and they were engaged in displaying their arts. Different usage of music in various ceremonies such as the celebrations and rites gives not only notice of boom and propagation of music in Shāh Abbas’s era, but also expresses his consideration and propensity to the music and musicians. The present study investigated the available resources to examine the position of the music and the musicians in the Shāh Abbas' 's court.

Among the kings of Iran, Shah Abbas I, in Safavid period, is a prominent figure who is mentioned in popular tales. In the stories attributed to him, there are outstanding features that have attracted the attention of researchers due to their high frequency. The purpose of this study is to analyze the salient features contained in the stories of Shah Abbas I and to explain the origin of these features. The method of the present study was analytical-descriptive in terms of purpose and based on library studies in terms of data collection. Visiting the library and searching through reliable sources, the authors have collected all the available stories about Shah Abbas I and then analyzed their salient features and origins. Research findings show that these characteristics are either of historical origin or originated from the imagination of the creators of the stories. Some of these characteristics are specific to Shah Abbas and others are general characteristics of kings. Feelings of the unseen voice, professional dervishes, nightlife, simplicity, wisdom and shrewdness, interest in art, gossip, fulfilling desires, solving problems, marrying the poor and accepting humiliation are some of the characteristics of this king. On the other hand, power, justice and fairness, acceptance of judgment and justice, compassion and mercy, punishment of the oppressors and forgiveness (bestowal and forgiveness, and forgiving taxes) are common features for Shah Abbas and other kings. In this article, an attempt has been made to collect the salient features contained in the stories of Shah Abbas and to analyze them based on their origin. Accordingly, the reader realizes the hidden goals of these features and becomes acquainted with their creators.

In This Study, We Have Tried Economic Status Holy Shrines, Between Iran And Ottoman Review And Reflection On Political Relations Between The Two Countries Evaluated The Safavids And The Ottomans. In This Article We Talk About Three Pillars: 1. Pilgrimage Shrines (Pilgrims) 2. Endowment 3. The Burial Of The Dead. Accordingly, The Findings Suggest That In This era Of Domination Of The Region, Especially Iraq, The Atabat Aliyat And The Pursuit Of Economic Interests, Including Important Issue For The Government Was The Safavid And Ottoman. If Iranian Pilgrims To Holy Sites In Iraq, Boom, Business Creation, Business Development, Prosperity And The Elimination Of Unemployment Was Caravanserais And Toll. The Massive Arrival Of Pilgrims This Kind Of "Invisible Exports" To Iraq, Which Could Help To Solve The Economic Problems Of The Iraqi People. The Safavid And Ottoman Sultans Endowments And Offerings And Shiite Pilgrims On The Holy Places Of The Region's Economic Importance And Economically Flourishing Area Was Added. Other Economic Income Of The Region To The Ottoman And Safavid, The Multiple Funds, For Burial Of The Dead And The High Price Of Land In The Holy Shrines.

Although an important city before the Safavid dynasty, Isfahan mostly owes its weight to the time when it was selected as the capital. This decision was made in the eleventh year of Shah ‘ Abbas’ I (1588-1629 AD) reign for security reasons, after which extensive rehabilitation and development took place in the city. The interventions of Shah ‘ Abbas I led the development of the city toward the south by crossing the Zayandeh-Rud via Chahar-Bagh street as the main axis, reaching ultimately to Mt. Soffeh. Studies on Safavid Isfahan are mostly limited to constructions during the reign of Shah ‘ Abbas the Great. However, it seems that Safavid Isfahan was developed gradually also during the time following that of Shah ‘ Abbas I with additional royal constructions in the dowlat-khaneh as well as along the Zayandeh-Rud front. The objective of this paper is to study the stages of development of the Safavid dowlat-khaneh in Isfahan after Shah ‘ Abbas I with emphasis on the role of Zayandeh-Rud. In this paper, the urban development of Isfahan is studied from the time Shah ‘ Abbas I selected it for his capital in 1598 AD to the end of Shah ‘ Abbas’ II reign in 1666 AD, using a descriptive-historical method based on chronicles and documents. The results confirm the existence of a designed urban plan from the beginning of Shah ‘ Abbas’ I era which was mostly realized in urban development toward the south during his reign. In the following eras, the limits of urban development expanded so that the riverfront became the ground for the construction of the new dowlat-khaneh. In other words, Zayandeh-Rud and the tendency of Shah ‘ Abbas II to perform special ceremonies on its front changed the course of Safavid urban interventions in Isfahan.

Evolving the planning and image of Isfahan, the foundation of a new life of capital for the grown-up population, immigrants and various minorities occurred in Shah Abbas (I) era. New-Julfa which its original core was built by the merchants and prominent Armenians under Shah’ s support, was gradually developed and added to its credibility. This large neighborhood, which is introduced as a “ town” , “ village” or “ neighborhood” in Safavid tourists' reports, played a significant role as a part of the new structures of the Safavid capital in its diversity and advancement. The geometry of New-Julfa form and its physical-spatial structure is comparable with the new parts of the capital's development. Identifying the common features of the physical-spatial structure of the new constructions would be advantageous to correlate restoration projects, including the urban restoration of New-Julfa, as an inspirational and effective source. The research seeks to determine mutual physical-spatial structural principles of the capital center and the New-Julfa. Understanding the morphology of two physical-spatial structures of new Isfahan and the New-Julfa and recognizing their mutual principles is the purpose of this research. Research is following the framework of qualitative studies and the methodology of historical-interpretive and analytical research. Not only historic documents and texts, but also contemporary researches are covering the needed tools and materials. Regarding the morphology literature, French school seeks for different layers influencing urban morphology. The first layer contains the elements of physical-spatial structure including gates, ways, bridges, natural factors, specific architectural and urban elements, route networks and the regularity of block divisions. On the other hand, the context of Isfahan with its natural, cultural and spatial background had to become a competitive capital with powerful states due to the will of Shah. The intellectual, social and political layers which affect the morphology of the Safavid Isfahan can be searched through the historic texts. The different layers are subsets of the principles that research is looking for. Two mentioned structural characteristics show semantic structural relations explaining the use of common morphology ideas. Five principles were discovered in the findings including: symbolic principles, managing-governing principles, cultural-social principles, morphologic principles and landscape principles. The symbolic principles represent the right choice of Isfahan as the Shi'i capital, which has the ability to exemplify religious-philosophical concepts in its structure, and at the same time experiencing the admission of the culture of immigrants. The managing-governing principles based on Shah Abbas's orders and actions include direct monitoring of the design and implementation of projects, invitations and encouragement of the officials to participate in the capital construction. Social-cultural principles indicate paying attention to social activities, which also encouraged the participation of the wealthy people in construction projects. The morphological principles implies how the elements of the physical-spatial structure are influenced by the formation and relations between the components of the structure. The landscape principles reflect the cultural signs of both the immigrant and habitants communities while displaying specific visions and meaningful perspectives on the spatial structure and urban landscape.